The System Within.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

Myrcene + THC · binding

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

full text inspected with reported discrepancy · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• Myrcene · 10 µMas named; no stereochemical assignment · purity: 97.6%
• Δ9-THC · 10 µMresin · purity: ≥95%

Preparation

Separate human CB1 and CB2 HEK membrane preparations

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

In vitro application to membranes or cultured cells; no animal or human administration.

Exposure

10 µM terpene with 10 µM cannabinoid; 1 nM radioligand; 1 hour at 30 °C.

Vehicle

Terpenes: DMSO 1:1,000 final. Cannabinoids: ethanol 1:1,000 final; matched vehicle conditions.

Comparator / controls

Matched cannabinoid without terpene; radioligand and maximum-displacement controls.

Readout / result

No significant individual-terpene alteration of cannabinoid displacement was reported in these comparisons.

Readout units

Percentage specific radioligand binding

Sample size

Three independent determinations; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

A negative comparison at one concentration does not establish universal inactivity.

Additivity analysis

No formal synergy/additivity model; matched-condition tests used one-way ANOVA.

Separate receptor preparations; not a simultaneous two-receptor measurement.

Figure 2; Methods, radioligand binding; Results, radioligand binding.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

Myrcene + CBD · binding

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

full text inspected with reported discrepancy · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• Myrcene · 10 µMas named; no stereochemical assignment · purity: 97.6%
• CBD · 10 µMas named · purity: ≥98%

Preparation

Separate human CB1 and CB2 HEK membrane preparations

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

In vitro application to membranes or cultured cells; no animal or human administration.

Exposure

10 µM terpene with 10 µM cannabinoid; 1 nM radioligand; 1 hour at 30 °C.

Vehicle

Terpenes: DMSO 1:1,000 final. Cannabinoids: ethanol 1:1,000 final; matched vehicle conditions.

Comparator / controls

Matched cannabinoid without terpene; radioligand and maximum-displacement controls.

Readout / result

No significant individual-terpene alteration of cannabinoid displacement was reported in these comparisons.

Readout units

Percentage specific radioligand binding

Sample size

Three independent determinations; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

A negative comparison at one concentration does not establish universal inactivity.

Additivity analysis

No formal synergy/additivity model; matched-condition tests used one-way ANOVA.

Separate receptor preparations; not a simultaneous two-receptor measurement.

Figure 2; Methods, radioligand binding; Results, radioligand binding.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

Myrcene + Δ9-THC · cAMP

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

full text inspected with reported discrepancy · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• Myrcene · 10 µMas named; no stereochemical assignment · purity: 97.6%
• Δ9-THC · Methods: 1 µM; Figures 3–4 captions: 10 µMresin · purity: ≥95%

Preparation

Separate human CB1 and CB2 HEK/CAMYEL assays

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

In vitro application to membranes or cultured cells; no animal or human administration.

Exposure

10 µM terpene; approximately 20 minutes at 37 °C; forskolin 5 µM.

Vehicle

Terpenes: DMSO 1:1,000 final. Cannabinoids: ethanol 1:1,000 final; matched vehicle conditions.

Comparator / controls

Matched cannabinoid without terpene; basal and forskolin controls.

Readout / result

No significant individual-terpene modulation of cannabinoid cAMP signalling was reported.

Readout units

Normalized BRET area under the curve

Sample size

Three independent determinations; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

The Methods and figure captions disagree on the main THC concentration; no single numeric dose is assigned.

Additivity analysis

No formal synergy/additivity model; matched-condition tests used one-way ANOVA.

Separate receptor assays are grouped only because the reported component amounts and model type match. No human or product inference.

Figures 3A–E and 4A–E; Methods, functional assay.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

Myrcene + CBD · cAMP

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

full text inspected with reported discrepancy · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• Myrcene · 10 µMas named; no stereochemical assignment · purity: 97.6%
• CBD · 10 µMas named · purity: ≥98%

Preparation

Separate human CB1 and CB2 HEK/CAMYEL assays

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

In vitro application to membranes or cultured cells; no animal or human administration.

Exposure

10 µM terpene; approximately 20 minutes at 37 °C; forskolin 5 µM.

Vehicle

Terpenes: DMSO 1:1,000 final. Cannabinoids: ethanol 1:1,000 final; matched vehicle conditions.

Comparator / controls

Matched cannabinoid without terpene; basal and forskolin controls.

Readout / result

No significant individual-terpene modulation of cannabinoid cAMP signalling was reported.

Readout units

Normalized BRET area under the curve

Sample size

Three independent determinations; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

This result is restricted to the tested concentrations and readout.

Additivity analysis

No formal synergy/additivity model; matched-condition tests used one-way ANOVA.

Separate receptor assays are grouped only because the reported component amounts and model type match. No human or product inference.

Figures 3A–E and 4A–E; Methods, functional assay.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

Myrcene + 2-AG · cAMP

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

full text inspected with reported discrepancy · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• Myrcene · 10 µMas named; no stereochemical assignment · purity: 97.6%
• 2-AG · 10 µMas named · purity: ≥98%

Preparation

Separate human CB1 and CB2 HEK/CAMYEL assays

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

In vitro application to membranes or cultured cells; no animal or human administration.

Exposure

10 µM terpene; approximately 20 minutes at 37 °C; forskolin 5 µM.

Vehicle

Terpenes: DMSO 1:1,000 final. Cannabinoids: ethanol 1:1,000 final; matched vehicle conditions.

Comparator / controls

Matched cannabinoid without terpene; basal and forskolin controls.

Readout / result

No significant individual-terpene modulation of cannabinoid cAMP signalling was reported.

Readout units

Normalized BRET area under the curve

Sample size

Three independent determinations; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

This result is restricted to the tested concentrations and readout.

Additivity analysis

No formal synergy/additivity model; matched-condition tests used one-way ANOVA.

Separate receptor assays are grouped only because the reported component amounts and model type match. No human or product inference.

Figures 3A–E and 4A–E; Methods, functional assay.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

Myrcene alone · CB1 binding

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

full text inspected with reported discrepancy · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• Myrcene · 10 µMas named; no stereochemical assignment · purity: 97.6%

Preparation

Human CB1 membrane preparation from HEK cells

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

In vitro application to membranes or cultured cells; no animal or human administration.

Exposure

10 µM terpene; 1 nM radioligand; 1 hour at 30 °C.

Vehicle

Terpenes: DMSO 1:1,000 final. Cannabinoids: ethanol 1:1,000 final; matched vehicle conditions.

Comparator / controls

Radioligand alone and 10 µM THC maximum displacement.

Readout / result

No significant displacement in this condition.

Readout units

Percentage specific radioligand binding

Sample size

Three independent determinations; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

This single tested concentration does not establish inactivity at every concentration.

Additivity analysis

No formal synergy/additivity model; matched-condition tests used one-way ANOVA.

No consumer dose. No clinical or product inference.

Figure 1; Methods, radioligand binding; Results, radioligand binding.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

Myrcene + near-EC50 THC · CB1 cAMP

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

full text inspected with reported discrepancy · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• Myrcene · 10 µMas named; no stereochemical assignment · purity: 97.6%
• Δ9-THC · 3.16 nMresin · purity: ≥95%

Preparation

Human CB1 in HEK cells with CAMYEL biosensor

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

In vitro application to membranes or cultured cells; no animal or human administration.

Exposure

Approximately 20 minutes at 37 °C; forskolin 5 µM.

Vehicle

Terpenes: DMSO 1:1,000 final. Cannabinoids: ethanol 1:1,000 final; matched vehicle conditions.

Comparator / controls

Matched near-EC50 THC without terpene; basal and forskolin controls.

Readout / result

No significant terpene-dependent change in cAMP response.

Readout units

Normalized BRET area under the curve

Sample size

Three independent determinations; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

Assay-specific negative result.

Additivity analysis

No formal synergy/additivity model; matched-condition tests used one-way ANOVA.

Near-EC50 concentrations are receptor- and assay-specific; they are not interchangeable.

Figure 3G; Results, functional assay.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

Myrcene alone · CB2 binding

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

full text inspected with reported discrepancy · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• Myrcene · 10 µMas named; no stereochemical assignment · purity: 97.6%

Preparation

Human CB2 membrane preparation from HEK cells

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

In vitro application to membranes or cultured cells; no animal or human administration.

Exposure

10 µM terpene; 1 nM radioligand; 1 hour at 30 °C.

Vehicle

Terpenes: DMSO 1:1,000 final. Cannabinoids: ethanol 1:1,000 final; matched vehicle conditions.

Comparator / controls

Radioligand alone and 10 µM THC maximum displacement.

Readout / result

No significant displacement in this condition.

Readout units

Percentage specific radioligand binding

Sample size

Three independent determinations; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

This single tested concentration does not establish inactivity at every concentration.

Additivity analysis

No formal synergy/additivity model; matched-condition tests used one-way ANOVA.

No consumer dose. No clinical or product inference.

Figure 1; Methods, radioligand binding; Results, radioligand binding.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

Myrcene + near-EC50 THC · CB2 cAMP

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

full text inspected with reported discrepancy · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• Myrcene · 10 µMas named; no stereochemical assignment · purity: 97.6%
• Δ9-THC · 30 nMresin · purity: ≥95%

Preparation

Human CB2 in HEK cells with CAMYEL biosensor

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

In vitro application to membranes or cultured cells; no animal or human administration.

Exposure

Approximately 20 minutes at 37 °C; forskolin 5 µM.

Vehicle

Terpenes: DMSO 1:1,000 final. Cannabinoids: ethanol 1:1,000 final; matched vehicle conditions.

Comparator / controls

Matched near-EC50 THC without terpene; basal and forskolin controls.

Readout / result

No significant terpene-dependent change in cAMP response.

Readout units

Normalized BRET area under the curve

Sample size

Three independent determinations; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

Assay-specific negative result.

Additivity analysis

No formal synergy/additivity model; matched-condition tests used one-way ANOVA.

Near-EC50 concentrations are receptor- and assay-specific; they are not interchangeable.

Figure 4G; Results, functional assay.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

α-Pinene + THC · binding

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

full text inspected with reported discrepancy · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• α-Pinene · 10 µMenantiomer not reported · purity: 99.3%
• Δ9-THC · 10 µMresin · purity: ≥95%

Preparation

Separate human CB1 and CB2 HEK membrane preparations

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

In vitro application to membranes or cultured cells; no animal or human administration.

Exposure

10 µM terpene with 10 µM cannabinoid; 1 nM radioligand; 1 hour at 30 °C.

Vehicle

Terpenes: DMSO 1:1,000 final. Cannabinoids: ethanol 1:1,000 final; matched vehicle conditions.

Comparator / controls

Matched cannabinoid without terpene; radioligand and maximum-displacement controls.

Readout / result

No significant individual-terpene alteration of cannabinoid displacement was reported in these comparisons.

Readout units

Percentage specific radioligand binding

Sample size

Three independent determinations; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

A negative comparison at one concentration does not establish universal inactivity.

Additivity analysis

No formal synergy/additivity model; matched-condition tests used one-way ANOVA.

Separate receptor preparations; not a simultaneous two-receptor measurement.

Figure 2; Methods, radioligand binding; Results, radioligand binding.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

α-Pinene + CBD · binding

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

full text inspected with reported discrepancy · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• α-Pinene · 10 µMenantiomer not reported · purity: 99.3%
• CBD · 10 µMas named · purity: ≥98%

Preparation

Separate human CB1 and CB2 HEK membrane preparations

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

In vitro application to membranes or cultured cells; no animal or human administration.

Exposure

10 µM terpene with 10 µM cannabinoid; 1 nM radioligand; 1 hour at 30 °C.

Vehicle

Terpenes: DMSO 1:1,000 final. Cannabinoids: ethanol 1:1,000 final; matched vehicle conditions.

Comparator / controls

Matched cannabinoid without terpene; radioligand and maximum-displacement controls.

Readout / result

No significant individual-terpene alteration of cannabinoid displacement was reported in these comparisons.

Readout units

Percentage specific radioligand binding

Sample size

Three independent determinations; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

A negative comparison at one concentration does not establish universal inactivity.

Additivity analysis

No formal synergy/additivity model; matched-condition tests used one-way ANOVA.

Separate receptor preparations; not a simultaneous two-receptor measurement.

Figure 2; Methods, radioligand binding; Results, radioligand binding.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

α-Pinene + Δ9-THC · cAMP

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

full text inspected with reported discrepancy · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• α-Pinene · 10 µMenantiomer not reported · purity: 99.3%
• Δ9-THC · Methods: 1 µM; Figures 3–4 captions: 10 µMresin · purity: ≥95%

Preparation

Separate human CB1 and CB2 HEK/CAMYEL assays

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

In vitro application to membranes or cultured cells; no animal or human administration.

Exposure

10 µM terpene; approximately 20 minutes at 37 °C; forskolin 5 µM.

Vehicle

Terpenes: DMSO 1:1,000 final. Cannabinoids: ethanol 1:1,000 final; matched vehicle conditions.

Comparator / controls

Matched cannabinoid without terpene; basal and forskolin controls.

Readout / result

No significant individual-terpene modulation of cannabinoid cAMP signalling was reported.

Readout units

Normalized BRET area under the curve

Sample size

Three independent determinations; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

The Methods and figure captions disagree on the main THC concentration; no single numeric dose is assigned.

Additivity analysis

No formal synergy/additivity model; matched-condition tests used one-way ANOVA.

Separate receptor assays are grouped only because the reported component amounts and model type match. No human or product inference.

Figures 3A–E and 4A–E; Methods, functional assay.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

α-Pinene + CBD · cAMP

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

full text inspected with reported discrepancy · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• α-Pinene · 10 µMenantiomer not reported · purity: 99.3%
• CBD · 10 µMas named · purity: ≥98%

Preparation

Separate human CB1 and CB2 HEK/CAMYEL assays

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

In vitro application to membranes or cultured cells; no animal or human administration.

Exposure

10 µM terpene; approximately 20 minutes at 37 °C; forskolin 5 µM.

Vehicle

Terpenes: DMSO 1:1,000 final. Cannabinoids: ethanol 1:1,000 final; matched vehicle conditions.

Comparator / controls

Matched cannabinoid without terpene; basal and forskolin controls.

Readout / result

No significant individual-terpene modulation of cannabinoid cAMP signalling was reported.

Readout units

Normalized BRET area under the curve

Sample size

Three independent determinations; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

This result is restricted to the tested concentrations and readout.

Additivity analysis

No formal synergy/additivity model; matched-condition tests used one-way ANOVA.

Separate receptor assays are grouped only because the reported component amounts and model type match. No human or product inference.

Figures 3A–E and 4A–E; Methods, functional assay.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

α-Pinene + 2-AG · cAMP

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

full text inspected with reported discrepancy · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• α-Pinene · 10 µMenantiomer not reported · purity: 99.3%
• 2-AG · 10 µMas named · purity: ≥98%

Preparation

Separate human CB1 and CB2 HEK/CAMYEL assays

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

In vitro application to membranes or cultured cells; no animal or human administration.

Exposure

10 µM terpene; approximately 20 minutes at 37 °C; forskolin 5 µM.

Vehicle

Terpenes: DMSO 1:1,000 final. Cannabinoids: ethanol 1:1,000 final; matched vehicle conditions.

Comparator / controls

Matched cannabinoid without terpene; basal and forskolin controls.

Readout / result

No significant individual-terpene modulation of cannabinoid cAMP signalling was reported.

Readout units

Normalized BRET area under the curve

Sample size

Three independent determinations; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

This result is restricted to the tested concentrations and readout.

Additivity analysis

No formal synergy/additivity model; matched-condition tests used one-way ANOVA.

Separate receptor assays are grouped only because the reported component amounts and model type match. No human or product inference.

Figures 3A–E and 4A–E; Methods, functional assay.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

α-Pinene alone · CB1 binding

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

full text inspected with reported discrepancy · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• α-Pinene · 10 µMenantiomer not reported · purity: 99.3%

Preparation

Human CB1 membrane preparation from HEK cells

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

In vitro application to membranes or cultured cells; no animal or human administration.

Exposure

10 µM terpene; 1 nM radioligand; 1 hour at 30 °C.

Vehicle

Terpenes: DMSO 1:1,000 final. Cannabinoids: ethanol 1:1,000 final; matched vehicle conditions.

Comparator / controls

Radioligand alone and 10 µM THC maximum displacement.

Readout / result

No significant displacement in this condition.

Readout units

Percentage specific radioligand binding

Sample size

Three independent determinations; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

This single tested concentration does not establish inactivity at every concentration.

Additivity analysis

No formal synergy/additivity model; matched-condition tests used one-way ANOVA.

No consumer dose. No clinical or product inference.

Figure 1; Methods, radioligand binding; Results, radioligand binding.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

α-Pinene + near-EC50 THC · CB1 cAMP

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

full text inspected with reported discrepancy · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• α-Pinene · 10 µMenantiomer not reported · purity: 99.3%
• Δ9-THC · 3.16 nMresin · purity: ≥95%

Preparation

Human CB1 in HEK cells with CAMYEL biosensor

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

In vitro application to membranes or cultured cells; no animal or human administration.

Exposure

Approximately 20 minutes at 37 °C; forskolin 5 µM.

Vehicle

Terpenes: DMSO 1:1,000 final. Cannabinoids: ethanol 1:1,000 final; matched vehicle conditions.

Comparator / controls

Matched near-EC50 THC without terpene; basal and forskolin controls.

Readout / result

No significant terpene-dependent change in cAMP response.

Readout units

Normalized BRET area under the curve

Sample size

Three independent determinations; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

Assay-specific negative result.

Additivity analysis

No formal synergy/additivity model; matched-condition tests used one-way ANOVA.

Near-EC50 concentrations are receptor- and assay-specific; they are not interchangeable.

Figure 3G; Results, functional assay.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

α-Pinene alone · CB2 binding

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

full text inspected with reported discrepancy · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• α-Pinene · 10 µMenantiomer not reported · purity: 99.3%

Preparation

Human CB2 membrane preparation from HEK cells

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

In vitro application to membranes or cultured cells; no animal or human administration.

Exposure

10 µM terpene; 1 nM radioligand; 1 hour at 30 °C.

Vehicle

Terpenes: DMSO 1:1,000 final. Cannabinoids: ethanol 1:1,000 final; matched vehicle conditions.

Comparator / controls

Radioligand alone and 10 µM THC maximum displacement.

Readout / result

No significant displacement in this condition.

Readout units

Percentage specific radioligand binding

Sample size

Three independent determinations; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

This single tested concentration does not establish inactivity at every concentration.

Additivity analysis

No formal synergy/additivity model; matched-condition tests used one-way ANOVA.

No consumer dose. No clinical or product inference.

Figure 1; Methods, radioligand binding; Results, radioligand binding.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

α-Pinene + near-EC50 THC · CB2 cAMP

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

full text inspected with reported discrepancy · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• α-Pinene · 10 µMenantiomer not reported · purity: 99.3%
• Δ9-THC · 30 nMresin · purity: ≥95%

Preparation

Human CB2 in HEK cells with CAMYEL biosensor

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

In vitro application to membranes or cultured cells; no animal or human administration.

Exposure

Approximately 20 minutes at 37 °C; forskolin 5 µM.

Vehicle

Terpenes: DMSO 1:1,000 final. Cannabinoids: ethanol 1:1,000 final; matched vehicle conditions.

Comparator / controls

Matched near-EC50 THC without terpene; basal and forskolin controls.

Readout / result

No significant terpene-dependent change in cAMP response.

Readout units

Normalized BRET area under the curve

Sample size

Three independent determinations; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

Assay-specific negative result.

Additivity analysis

No formal synergy/additivity model; matched-condition tests used one-way ANOVA.

Near-EC50 concentrations are receptor- and assay-specific; they are not interchangeable.

Figure 4G; Results, functional assay.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

β-Pinene + THC · binding

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

full text inspected with reported discrepancy · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• β-Pinene · 10 µMenantiomer not reported · purity: 98.2%
• Δ9-THC · 10 µMresin · purity: ≥95%

Preparation

Separate human CB1 and CB2 HEK membrane preparations

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

In vitro application to membranes or cultured cells; no animal or human administration.

Exposure

10 µM terpene with 10 µM cannabinoid; 1 nM radioligand; 1 hour at 30 °C.

Vehicle

Terpenes: DMSO 1:1,000 final. Cannabinoids: ethanol 1:1,000 final; matched vehicle conditions.

Comparator / controls

Matched cannabinoid without terpene; radioligand and maximum-displacement controls.

Readout / result

No significant individual-terpene alteration of cannabinoid displacement was reported in these comparisons.

Readout units

Percentage specific radioligand binding

Sample size

Three independent determinations; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

A negative comparison at one concentration does not establish universal inactivity.

Additivity analysis

No formal synergy/additivity model; matched-condition tests used one-way ANOVA.

Separate receptor preparations; not a simultaneous two-receptor measurement.

Figure 2; Methods, radioligand binding; Results, radioligand binding.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

β-Pinene + CBD · binding

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

full text inspected with reported discrepancy · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• β-Pinene · 10 µMenantiomer not reported · purity: 98.2%
• CBD · 10 µMas named · purity: ≥98%

Preparation

Separate human CB1 and CB2 HEK membrane preparations

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

In vitro application to membranes or cultured cells; no animal or human administration.

Exposure

10 µM terpene with 10 µM cannabinoid; 1 nM radioligand; 1 hour at 30 °C.

Vehicle

Terpenes: DMSO 1:1,000 final. Cannabinoids: ethanol 1:1,000 final; matched vehicle conditions.

Comparator / controls

Matched cannabinoid without terpene; radioligand and maximum-displacement controls.

Readout / result

No significant individual-terpene alteration of cannabinoid displacement was reported in these comparisons.

Readout units

Percentage specific radioligand binding

Sample size

Three independent determinations; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

A negative comparison at one concentration does not establish universal inactivity.

Additivity analysis

No formal synergy/additivity model; matched-condition tests used one-way ANOVA.

Separate receptor preparations; not a simultaneous two-receptor measurement.

Figure 2; Methods, radioligand binding; Results, radioligand binding.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

β-Pinene + Δ9-THC · cAMP

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

full text inspected with reported discrepancy · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• β-Pinene · 10 µMenantiomer not reported · purity: 98.2%
• Δ9-THC · Methods: 1 µM; Figures 3–4 captions: 10 µMresin · purity: ≥95%

Preparation

Separate human CB1 and CB2 HEK/CAMYEL assays

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

In vitro application to membranes or cultured cells; no animal or human administration.

Exposure

10 µM terpene; approximately 20 minutes at 37 °C; forskolin 5 µM.

Vehicle

Terpenes: DMSO 1:1,000 final. Cannabinoids: ethanol 1:1,000 final; matched vehicle conditions.

Comparator / controls

Matched cannabinoid without terpene; basal and forskolin controls.

Readout / result

No significant individual-terpene modulation of cannabinoid cAMP signalling was reported.

Readout units

Normalized BRET area under the curve

Sample size

Three independent determinations; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

The Methods and figure captions disagree on the main THC concentration; no single numeric dose is assigned.

Additivity analysis

No formal synergy/additivity model; matched-condition tests used one-way ANOVA.

Separate receptor assays are grouped only because the reported component amounts and model type match. No human or product inference.

Figures 3A–E and 4A–E; Methods, functional assay.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

β-Pinene + CBD · cAMP

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

full text inspected with reported discrepancy · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• β-Pinene · 10 µMenantiomer not reported · purity: 98.2%
• CBD · 10 µMas named · purity: ≥98%

Preparation

Separate human CB1 and CB2 HEK/CAMYEL assays

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

In vitro application to membranes or cultured cells; no animal or human administration.

Exposure

10 µM terpene; approximately 20 minutes at 37 °C; forskolin 5 µM.

Vehicle

Terpenes: DMSO 1:1,000 final. Cannabinoids: ethanol 1:1,000 final; matched vehicle conditions.

Comparator / controls

Matched cannabinoid without terpene; basal and forskolin controls.

Readout / result

No significant individual-terpene modulation of cannabinoid cAMP signalling was reported.

Readout units

Normalized BRET area under the curve

Sample size

Three independent determinations; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

This result is restricted to the tested concentrations and readout.

Additivity analysis

No formal synergy/additivity model; matched-condition tests used one-way ANOVA.

Separate receptor assays are grouped only because the reported component amounts and model type match. No human or product inference.

Figures 3A–E and 4A–E; Methods, functional assay.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

β-Pinene + 2-AG · cAMP

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

full text inspected with reported discrepancy · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• β-Pinene · 10 µMenantiomer not reported · purity: 98.2%
• 2-AG · 10 µMas named · purity: ≥98%

Preparation

Separate human CB1 and CB2 HEK/CAMYEL assays

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

In vitro application to membranes or cultured cells; no animal or human administration.

Exposure

10 µM terpene; approximately 20 minutes at 37 °C; forskolin 5 µM.

Vehicle

Terpenes: DMSO 1:1,000 final. Cannabinoids: ethanol 1:1,000 final; matched vehicle conditions.

Comparator / controls

Matched cannabinoid without terpene; basal and forskolin controls.

Readout / result

No significant individual-terpene modulation of cannabinoid cAMP signalling was reported.

Readout units

Normalized BRET area under the curve

Sample size

Three independent determinations; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

This result is restricted to the tested concentrations and readout.

Additivity analysis

No formal synergy/additivity model; matched-condition tests used one-way ANOVA.

Separate receptor assays are grouped only because the reported component amounts and model type match. No human or product inference.

Figures 3A–E and 4A–E; Methods, functional assay.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

β-Pinene alone · CB1 binding

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

full text inspected with reported discrepancy · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• β-Pinene · 10 µMenantiomer not reported · purity: 98.2%

Preparation

Human CB1 membrane preparation from HEK cells

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

In vitro application to membranes or cultured cells; no animal or human administration.

Exposure

10 µM terpene; 1 nM radioligand; 1 hour at 30 °C.

Vehicle

Terpenes: DMSO 1:1,000 final. Cannabinoids: ethanol 1:1,000 final; matched vehicle conditions.

Comparator / controls

Radioligand alone and 10 µM THC maximum displacement.

Readout / result

No significant displacement in this condition.

Readout units

Percentage specific radioligand binding

Sample size

Three independent determinations; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

This single tested concentration does not establish inactivity at every concentration.

Additivity analysis

No formal synergy/additivity model; matched-condition tests used one-way ANOVA.

No consumer dose. No clinical or product inference.

Figure 1; Methods, radioligand binding; Results, radioligand binding.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

β-Pinene + near-EC50 THC · CB1 cAMP

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

full text inspected with reported discrepancy · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• β-Pinene · 10 µMenantiomer not reported · purity: 98.2%
• Δ9-THC · 3.16 nMresin · purity: ≥95%

Preparation

Human CB1 in HEK cells with CAMYEL biosensor

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

In vitro application to membranes or cultured cells; no animal or human administration.

Exposure

Approximately 20 minutes at 37 °C; forskolin 5 µM.

Vehicle

Terpenes: DMSO 1:1,000 final. Cannabinoids: ethanol 1:1,000 final; matched vehicle conditions.

Comparator / controls

Matched near-EC50 THC without terpene; basal and forskolin controls.

Readout / result

No significant terpene-dependent change in cAMP response.

Readout units

Normalized BRET area under the curve

Sample size

Three independent determinations; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

Assay-specific negative result.

Additivity analysis

No formal synergy/additivity model; matched-condition tests used one-way ANOVA.

Near-EC50 concentrations are receptor- and assay-specific; they are not interchangeable.

Figure 3G; Results, functional assay.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

β-Pinene alone · CB2 binding

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

full text inspected with reported discrepancy · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• β-Pinene · 10 µMenantiomer not reported · purity: 98.2%

Preparation

Human CB2 membrane preparation from HEK cells

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

In vitro application to membranes or cultured cells; no animal or human administration.

Exposure

10 µM terpene; 1 nM radioligand; 1 hour at 30 °C.

Vehicle

Terpenes: DMSO 1:1,000 final. Cannabinoids: ethanol 1:1,000 final; matched vehicle conditions.

Comparator / controls

Radioligand alone and 10 µM THC maximum displacement.

Readout / result

No significant displacement in this condition.

Readout units

Percentage specific radioligand binding

Sample size

Three independent determinations; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

This single tested concentration does not establish inactivity at every concentration.

Additivity analysis

No formal synergy/additivity model; matched-condition tests used one-way ANOVA.

No consumer dose. No clinical or product inference.

Figure 1; Methods, radioligand binding; Results, radioligand binding.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

β-Pinene + near-EC50 THC · CB2 cAMP

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

full text inspected with reported discrepancy · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• β-Pinene · 10 µMenantiomer not reported · purity: 98.2%
• Δ9-THC · 30 nMresin · purity: ≥95%

Preparation

Human CB2 in HEK cells with CAMYEL biosensor

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

In vitro application to membranes or cultured cells; no animal or human administration.

Exposure

Approximately 20 minutes at 37 °C; forskolin 5 µM.

Vehicle

Terpenes: DMSO 1:1,000 final. Cannabinoids: ethanol 1:1,000 final; matched vehicle conditions.

Comparator / controls

Matched near-EC50 THC without terpene; basal and forskolin controls.

Readout / result

No significant terpene-dependent change in cAMP response.

Readout units

Normalized BRET area under the curve

Sample size

Three independent determinations; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

Assay-specific negative result.

Additivity analysis

No formal synergy/additivity model; matched-condition tests used one-way ANOVA.

Near-EC50 concentrations are receptor- and assay-specific; they are not interchangeable.

Figure 4G; Results, functional assay.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

β-Caryophyllene + THC · binding

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

full text inspected with reported discrepancy · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• β-Caryophyllene · 10 µMas named · purity: 91.0%
• Δ9-THC · 10 µMresin · purity: ≥95%

Preparation

Separate human CB1 and CB2 HEK membrane preparations

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

In vitro application to membranes or cultured cells; no animal or human administration.

Exposure

10 µM terpene with 10 µM cannabinoid; 1 nM radioligand; 1 hour at 30 °C.

Vehicle

Terpenes: DMSO 1:1,000 final. Cannabinoids: ethanol 1:1,000 final; matched vehicle conditions.

Comparator / controls

Matched cannabinoid without terpene; radioligand and maximum-displacement controls.

Readout / result

No significant individual-terpene alteration of cannabinoid displacement was reported in these comparisons.

Readout units

Percentage specific radioligand binding

Sample size

Three independent determinations; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

A negative comparison at one concentration does not establish universal inactivity.

Additivity analysis

No formal synergy/additivity model; matched-condition tests used one-way ANOVA.

Separate receptor preparations; not a simultaneous two-receptor measurement.

Figure 2; Methods, radioligand binding; Results, radioligand binding.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

β-Caryophyllene + CBD · binding

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

full text inspected with reported discrepancy · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• β-Caryophyllene · 10 µMas named · purity: 91.0%
• CBD · 10 µMas named · purity: ≥98%

Preparation

Separate human CB1 and CB2 HEK membrane preparations

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

In vitro application to membranes or cultured cells; no animal or human administration.

Exposure

10 µM terpene with 10 µM cannabinoid; 1 nM radioligand; 1 hour at 30 °C.

Vehicle

Terpenes: DMSO 1:1,000 final. Cannabinoids: ethanol 1:1,000 final; matched vehicle conditions.

Comparator / controls

Matched cannabinoid without terpene; radioligand and maximum-displacement controls.

Readout / result

No significant individual-terpene alteration of cannabinoid displacement was reported in these comparisons.

Readout units

Percentage specific radioligand binding

Sample size

Three independent determinations; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

A negative comparison at one concentration does not establish universal inactivity.

Additivity analysis

No formal synergy/additivity model; matched-condition tests used one-way ANOVA.

Separate receptor preparations; not a simultaneous two-receptor measurement.

Figure 2; Methods, radioligand binding; Results, radioligand binding.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

β-Caryophyllene + Δ9-THC · cAMP

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

full text inspected with reported discrepancy · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• β-Caryophyllene · 10 µMas named · purity: 91.0%
• Δ9-THC · Methods: 1 µM; Figures 3–4 captions: 10 µMresin · purity: ≥95%

Preparation

Separate human CB1 and CB2 HEK/CAMYEL assays

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

In vitro application to membranes or cultured cells; no animal or human administration.

Exposure

10 µM terpene; approximately 20 minutes at 37 °C; forskolin 5 µM.

Vehicle

Terpenes: DMSO 1:1,000 final. Cannabinoids: ethanol 1:1,000 final; matched vehicle conditions.

Comparator / controls

Matched cannabinoid without terpene; basal and forskolin controls.

Readout / result

No significant individual-terpene modulation of cannabinoid cAMP signalling was reported.

Readout units

Normalized BRET area under the curve

Sample size

Three independent determinations; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

The Methods and figure captions disagree on the main THC concentration; no single numeric dose is assigned.

Additivity analysis

No formal synergy/additivity model; matched-condition tests used one-way ANOVA.

Separate receptor assays are grouped only because the reported component amounts and model type match. No human or product inference.

Figures 3A–E and 4A–E; Methods, functional assay.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

β-Caryophyllene + CBD · cAMP

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

full text inspected with reported discrepancy · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• β-Caryophyllene · 10 µMas named · purity: 91.0%
• CBD · 10 µMas named · purity: ≥98%

Preparation

Separate human CB1 and CB2 HEK/CAMYEL assays

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

In vitro application to membranes or cultured cells; no animal or human administration.

Exposure

10 µM terpene; approximately 20 minutes at 37 °C; forskolin 5 µM.

Vehicle

Terpenes: DMSO 1:1,000 final. Cannabinoids: ethanol 1:1,000 final; matched vehicle conditions.

Comparator / controls

Matched cannabinoid without terpene; basal and forskolin controls.

Readout / result

No significant individual-terpene modulation of cannabinoid cAMP signalling was reported.

Readout units

Normalized BRET area under the curve

Sample size

Three independent determinations; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

This result is restricted to the tested concentrations and readout.

Additivity analysis

No formal synergy/additivity model; matched-condition tests used one-way ANOVA.

Separate receptor assays are grouped only because the reported component amounts and model type match. No human or product inference.

Figures 3A–E and 4A–E; Methods, functional assay.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

β-Caryophyllene + 2-AG · cAMP

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

full text inspected with reported discrepancy · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• β-Caryophyllene · 10 µMas named · purity: 91.0%
• 2-AG · 10 µMas named · purity: ≥98%

Preparation

Separate human CB1 and CB2 HEK/CAMYEL assays

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

In vitro application to membranes or cultured cells; no animal or human administration.

Exposure

10 µM terpene; approximately 20 minutes at 37 °C; forskolin 5 µM.

Vehicle

Terpenes: DMSO 1:1,000 final. Cannabinoids: ethanol 1:1,000 final; matched vehicle conditions.

Comparator / controls

Matched cannabinoid without terpene; basal and forskolin controls.

Readout / result

No significant individual-terpene modulation of cannabinoid cAMP signalling was reported.

Readout units

Normalized BRET area under the curve

Sample size

Three independent determinations; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

This result is restricted to the tested concentrations and readout.

Additivity analysis

No formal synergy/additivity model; matched-condition tests used one-way ANOVA.

Separate receptor assays are grouped only because the reported component amounts and model type match. No human or product inference.

Figures 3A–E and 4A–E; Methods, functional assay.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

β-Caryophyllene alone · CB1 binding

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

full text inspected with reported discrepancy · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• β-Caryophyllene · 10 µMas named · purity: 91.0%

Preparation

Human CB1 membrane preparation from HEK cells

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

In vitro application to membranes or cultured cells; no animal or human administration.

Exposure

10 µM terpene; 1 nM radioligand; 1 hour at 30 °C.

Vehicle

Terpenes: DMSO 1:1,000 final. Cannabinoids: ethanol 1:1,000 final; matched vehicle conditions.

Comparator / controls

Radioligand alone and 10 µM THC maximum displacement.

Readout / result

No significant displacement in this condition.

Readout units

Percentage specific radioligand binding

Sample size

Three independent determinations; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

This single tested concentration does not establish inactivity at every concentration.

Additivity analysis

No formal synergy/additivity model; matched-condition tests used one-way ANOVA.

No consumer dose. No clinical or product inference.

Figure 1; Methods, radioligand binding; Results, radioligand binding.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

β-Caryophyllene + near-EC50 THC · CB1 cAMP

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

full text inspected with reported discrepancy · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• β-Caryophyllene · 10 µMas named · purity: 91.0%
• Δ9-THC · 3.16 nMresin · purity: ≥95%

Preparation

Human CB1 in HEK cells with CAMYEL biosensor

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

In vitro application to membranes or cultured cells; no animal or human administration.

Exposure

Approximately 20 minutes at 37 °C; forskolin 5 µM.

Vehicle

Terpenes: DMSO 1:1,000 final. Cannabinoids: ethanol 1:1,000 final; matched vehicle conditions.

Comparator / controls

Matched near-EC50 THC without terpene; basal and forskolin controls.

Readout / result

No significant terpene-dependent change in cAMP response.

Readout units

Normalized BRET area under the curve

Sample size

Three independent determinations; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

Assay-specific negative result.

Additivity analysis

No formal synergy/additivity model; matched-condition tests used one-way ANOVA.

Near-EC50 concentrations are receptor- and assay-specific; they are not interchangeable.

Figure 3G; Results, functional assay.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

β-Caryophyllene alone · CB2 binding

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

full text inspected with reported discrepancy · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• β-Caryophyllene · 10 µMas named · purity: 91.0%

Preparation

Human CB2 membrane preparation from HEK cells

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

In vitro application to membranes or cultured cells; no animal or human administration.

Exposure

10 µM terpene; 1 nM radioligand; 1 hour at 30 °C.

Vehicle

Terpenes: DMSO 1:1,000 final. Cannabinoids: ethanol 1:1,000 final; matched vehicle conditions.

Comparator / controls

Radioligand alone and 10 µM THC maximum displacement.

Readout / result

Approximately 25% displacement; insufficient to justify a full binding curve.

Readout units

Percentage specific radioligand binding

Sample size

Three independent determinations; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

This single tested concentration does not establish inactivity at every concentration.

Additivity analysis

No formal synergy/additivity model; matched-condition tests used one-way ANOVA.

No consumer dose. No clinical or product inference.

Figure 1; Methods, radioligand binding; Results, radioligand binding.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

β-Caryophyllene + near-EC50 THC · CB2 cAMP

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

full text inspected with reported discrepancy · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• β-Caryophyllene · 10 µMas named · purity: 91.0%
• Δ9-THC · 30 nMresin · purity: ≥95%

Preparation

Human CB2 in HEK cells with CAMYEL biosensor

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

In vitro application to membranes or cultured cells; no animal or human administration.

Exposure

Approximately 20 minutes at 37 °C; forskolin 5 µM.

Vehicle

Terpenes: DMSO 1:1,000 final. Cannabinoids: ethanol 1:1,000 final; matched vehicle conditions.

Comparator / controls

Matched near-EC50 THC without terpene; basal and forskolin controls.

Readout / result

No significant terpene-dependent change in cAMP response.

Readout units

Normalized BRET area under the curve

Sample size

Three independent determinations; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

Assay-specific negative result.

Additivity analysis

No formal synergy/additivity model; matched-condition tests used one-way ANOVA.

Near-EC50 concentrations are receptor- and assay-specific; they are not interchangeable.

Figure 4G; Results, functional assay.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

Limonene + THC · binding

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

full text inspected with reported discrepancy · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• Limonene · 10 µMenantiomer not reported; not assigned to D- or S-limonene · purity: 99.1%
• Δ9-THC · 10 µMresin · purity: ≥95%

Preparation

Separate human CB1 and CB2 HEK membrane preparations

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

In vitro application to membranes or cultured cells; no animal or human administration.

Exposure

10 µM terpene with 10 µM cannabinoid; 1 nM radioligand; 1 hour at 30 °C.

Vehicle

Terpenes: DMSO 1:1,000 final. Cannabinoids: ethanol 1:1,000 final; matched vehicle conditions.

Comparator / controls

Matched cannabinoid without terpene; radioligand and maximum-displacement controls.

Readout / result

No significant individual-terpene alteration of cannabinoid displacement was reported in these comparisons.

Readout units

Percentage specific radioligand binding

Sample size

Three independent determinations; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

A negative comparison at one concentration does not establish universal inactivity.

Additivity analysis

No formal synergy/additivity model; matched-condition tests used one-way ANOVA.

Separate receptor preparations; not a simultaneous two-receptor measurement.

Figure 2; Methods, radioligand binding; Results, radioligand binding.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

Limonene + CBD · binding

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

full text inspected with reported discrepancy · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• Limonene · 10 µMenantiomer not reported; not assigned to D- or S-limonene · purity: 99.1%
• CBD · 10 µMas named · purity: ≥98%

Preparation

Separate human CB1 and CB2 HEK membrane preparations

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

In vitro application to membranes or cultured cells; no animal or human administration.

Exposure

10 µM terpene with 10 µM cannabinoid; 1 nM radioligand; 1 hour at 30 °C.

Vehicle

Terpenes: DMSO 1:1,000 final. Cannabinoids: ethanol 1:1,000 final; matched vehicle conditions.

Comparator / controls

Matched cannabinoid without terpene; radioligand and maximum-displacement controls.

Readout / result

No significant individual-terpene alteration of cannabinoid displacement was reported in these comparisons.

Readout units

Percentage specific radioligand binding

Sample size

Three independent determinations; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

A negative comparison at one concentration does not establish universal inactivity.

Additivity analysis

No formal synergy/additivity model; matched-condition tests used one-way ANOVA.

Separate receptor preparations; not a simultaneous two-receptor measurement.

Figure 2; Methods, radioligand binding; Results, radioligand binding.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

Limonene + Δ9-THC · cAMP

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

full text inspected with reported discrepancy · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• Limonene · 10 µMenantiomer not reported; not assigned to D- or S-limonene · purity: 99.1%
• Δ9-THC · Methods: 1 µM; Figures 3–4 captions: 10 µMresin · purity: ≥95%

Preparation

Separate human CB1 and CB2 HEK/CAMYEL assays

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

In vitro application to membranes or cultured cells; no animal or human administration.

Exposure

10 µM terpene; approximately 20 minutes at 37 °C; forskolin 5 µM.

Vehicle

Terpenes: DMSO 1:1,000 final. Cannabinoids: ethanol 1:1,000 final; matched vehicle conditions.

Comparator / controls

Matched cannabinoid without terpene; basal and forskolin controls.

Readout / result

No significant individual-terpene modulation of cannabinoid cAMP signalling was reported.

Readout units

Normalized BRET area under the curve

Sample size

Three independent determinations; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

The Methods and figure captions disagree on the main THC concentration; no single numeric dose is assigned.

Additivity analysis

No formal synergy/additivity model; matched-condition tests used one-way ANOVA.

Separate receptor assays are grouped only because the reported component amounts and model type match. No human or product inference.

Figures 3A–E and 4A–E; Methods, functional assay.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

Limonene + CBD · cAMP

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

full text inspected with reported discrepancy · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• Limonene · 10 µMenantiomer not reported; not assigned to D- or S-limonene · purity: 99.1%
• CBD · 10 µMas named · purity: ≥98%

Preparation

Separate human CB1 and CB2 HEK/CAMYEL assays

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

In vitro application to membranes or cultured cells; no animal or human administration.

Exposure

10 µM terpene; approximately 20 minutes at 37 °C; forskolin 5 µM.

Vehicle

Terpenes: DMSO 1:1,000 final. Cannabinoids: ethanol 1:1,000 final; matched vehicle conditions.

Comparator / controls

Matched cannabinoid without terpene; basal and forskolin controls.

Readout / result

No significant individual-terpene modulation of cannabinoid cAMP signalling was reported.

Readout units

Normalized BRET area under the curve

Sample size

Three independent determinations; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

This result is restricted to the tested concentrations and readout.

Additivity analysis

No formal synergy/additivity model; matched-condition tests used one-way ANOVA.

Separate receptor assays are grouped only because the reported component amounts and model type match. No human or product inference.

Figures 3A–E and 4A–E; Methods, functional assay.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

Limonene + 2-AG · cAMP

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

full text inspected with reported discrepancy · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• Limonene · 10 µMenantiomer not reported; not assigned to D- or S-limonene · purity: 99.1%
• 2-AG · 10 µMas named · purity: ≥98%

Preparation

Separate human CB1 and CB2 HEK/CAMYEL assays

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

In vitro application to membranes or cultured cells; no animal or human administration.

Exposure

10 µM terpene; approximately 20 minutes at 37 °C; forskolin 5 µM.

Vehicle

Terpenes: DMSO 1:1,000 final. Cannabinoids: ethanol 1:1,000 final; matched vehicle conditions.

Comparator / controls

Matched cannabinoid without terpene; basal and forskolin controls.

Readout / result

No significant individual-terpene modulation of cannabinoid cAMP signalling was reported.

Readout units

Normalized BRET area under the curve

Sample size

Three independent determinations; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

This result is restricted to the tested concentrations and readout.

Additivity analysis

No formal synergy/additivity model; matched-condition tests used one-way ANOVA.

Separate receptor assays are grouped only because the reported component amounts and model type match. No human or product inference.

Figures 3A–E and 4A–E; Methods, functional assay.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

Limonene alone · CB1 binding

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

full text inspected with reported discrepancy · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• Limonene · 10 µMenantiomer not reported; not assigned to D- or S-limonene · purity: 99.1%

Preparation

Human CB1 membrane preparation from HEK cells

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

In vitro application to membranes or cultured cells; no animal or human administration.

Exposure

10 µM terpene; 1 nM radioligand; 1 hour at 30 °C.

Vehicle

Terpenes: DMSO 1:1,000 final. Cannabinoids: ethanol 1:1,000 final; matched vehicle conditions.

Comparator / controls

Radioligand alone and 10 µM THC maximum displacement.

Readout / result

No significant displacement in this condition.

Readout units

Percentage specific radioligand binding

Sample size

Three independent determinations; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

This single tested concentration does not establish inactivity at every concentration.

Additivity analysis

No formal synergy/additivity model; matched-condition tests used one-way ANOVA.

No consumer dose. No clinical or product inference.

Figure 1; Methods, radioligand binding; Results, radioligand binding.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

Limonene + near-EC50 THC · CB1 cAMP

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

full text inspected with reported discrepancy · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• Limonene · 10 µMenantiomer not reported; not assigned to D- or S-limonene · purity: 99.1%
• Δ9-THC · 3.16 nMresin · purity: ≥95%

Preparation

Human CB1 in HEK cells with CAMYEL biosensor

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

In vitro application to membranes or cultured cells; no animal or human administration.

Exposure

Approximately 20 minutes at 37 °C; forskolin 5 µM.

Vehicle

Terpenes: DMSO 1:1,000 final. Cannabinoids: ethanol 1:1,000 final; matched vehicle conditions.

Comparator / controls

Matched near-EC50 THC without terpene; basal and forskolin controls.

Readout / result

No significant terpene-dependent change in cAMP response.

Readout units

Normalized BRET area under the curve

Sample size

Three independent determinations; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

Assay-specific negative result.

Additivity analysis

No formal synergy/additivity model; matched-condition tests used one-way ANOVA.

Near-EC50 concentrations are receptor- and assay-specific; they are not interchangeable.

Figure 3G; Results, functional assay.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

Limonene alone · CB2 binding

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

full text inspected with reported discrepancy · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• Limonene · 10 µMenantiomer not reported; not assigned to D- or S-limonene · purity: 99.1%

Preparation

Human CB2 membrane preparation from HEK cells

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

In vitro application to membranes or cultured cells; no animal or human administration.

Exposure

10 µM terpene; 1 nM radioligand; 1 hour at 30 °C.

Vehicle

Terpenes: DMSO 1:1,000 final. Cannabinoids: ethanol 1:1,000 final; matched vehicle conditions.

Comparator / controls

Radioligand alone and 10 µM THC maximum displacement.

Readout / result

No significant displacement in this condition.

Readout units

Percentage specific radioligand binding

Sample size

Three independent determinations; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

This single tested concentration does not establish inactivity at every concentration.

Additivity analysis

No formal synergy/additivity model; matched-condition tests used one-way ANOVA.

No consumer dose. No clinical or product inference.

Figure 1; Methods, radioligand binding; Results, radioligand binding.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

Limonene + near-EC50 THC · CB2 cAMP

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

full text inspected with reported discrepancy · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• Limonene · 10 µMenantiomer not reported; not assigned to D- or S-limonene · purity: 99.1%
• Δ9-THC · 30 nMresin · purity: ≥95%

Preparation

Human CB2 in HEK cells with CAMYEL biosensor

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

In vitro application to membranes or cultured cells; no animal or human administration.

Exposure

Approximately 20 minutes at 37 °C; forskolin 5 µM.

Vehicle

Terpenes: DMSO 1:1,000 final. Cannabinoids: ethanol 1:1,000 final; matched vehicle conditions.

Comparator / controls

Matched near-EC50 THC without terpene; basal and forskolin controls.

Readout / result

No significant terpene-dependent change in cAMP response.

Readout units

Normalized BRET area under the curve

Sample size

Three independent determinations; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

Assay-specific negative result.

Additivity analysis

No formal synergy/additivity model; matched-condition tests used one-way ANOVA.

Near-EC50 concentrations are receptor- and assay-specific; they are not interchangeable.

Figure 4G; Results, functional assay.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

Mixture 1 + THC · binding

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

full text inspected with reported discrepancy · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• Myrcene · 40 % of total terpene mixtureas named; no stereochemical assignment · purity: 97.6%
• α-Pinene · 20 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported · purity: 99.3%
• β-Pinene · 15 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported · purity: 98.2%
• β-Caryophyllene · 20 % of total terpene mixtureas named · purity: 91.0%
• Limonene · 5 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported; not assigned to D- or S-limonene · purity: 99.1%
• Δ9-THC · 10 µMresin · purity: ≥95%

Preparation

Separate human CB1 and CB2 HEK membrane preparations

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

In vitro application to membranes or cultured cells; no animal or human administration.

Exposure

Total terpene mixture 10 µM; 1 nM radioligand; 1 hour at 30 °C.

Vehicle

Terpenes: DMSO 1:1,000 final. Cannabinoids: ethanol 1:1,000 final; matched vehicle conditions.

Comparator / controls

Matched cannabinoid without terpenes.

Readout / result

At CB2, a small reduction in THC displacement was reported; other paired comparisons did not show significant alteration.

Readout units

Percentage specific radioligand binding

Sample size

Three independent determinations; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

A binding comparison is not a demonstrated enhancement of downstream function.

Additivity analysis

No formal synergy/additivity model; matched-condition tests used one-way ANOVA.

Composition percentages describe the reported experiment, not a recommended formulation.

Table 2; Figure 2; Methods, binding.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

Mixture 1 + CBD · binding

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

full text inspected with reported discrepancy · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• Myrcene · 40 % of total terpene mixtureas named; no stereochemical assignment · purity: 97.6%
• α-Pinene · 20 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported · purity: 99.3%
• β-Pinene · 15 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported · purity: 98.2%
• β-Caryophyllene · 20 % of total terpene mixtureas named · purity: 91.0%
• Limonene · 5 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported; not assigned to D- or S-limonene · purity: 99.1%
• CBD · 10 µMas named · purity: ≥98%

Preparation

Separate human CB1 and CB2 HEK membrane preparations

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

In vitro application to membranes or cultured cells; no animal or human administration.

Exposure

Total terpene mixture 10 µM; 1 nM radioligand; 1 hour at 30 °C.

Vehicle

Terpenes: DMSO 1:1,000 final. Cannabinoids: ethanol 1:1,000 final; matched vehicle conditions.

Comparator / controls

Matched cannabinoid without terpenes.

Readout / result

No significant alteration of cannabinoid displacement in these paired conditions.

Readout units

Percentage specific radioligand binding

Sample size

Three independent determinations; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

A binding comparison is not a demonstrated enhancement of downstream function.

Additivity analysis

No formal synergy/additivity model; matched-condition tests used one-way ANOVA.

Composition percentages describe the reported experiment, not a recommended formulation.

Table 2; Figure 2; Methods, binding.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

Mixture 1 + Δ9-THC · cAMP

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

full text inspected with reported discrepancy · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• Myrcene · 40 % of total terpene mixtureas named; no stereochemical assignment · purity: 97.6%
• α-Pinene · 20 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported · purity: 99.3%
• β-Pinene · 15 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported · purity: 98.2%
• β-Caryophyllene · 20 % of total terpene mixtureas named · purity: 91.0%
• Limonene · 5 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported; not assigned to D- or S-limonene · purity: 99.1%
• Δ9-THC · Methods: 1 µM; Figures 3–4 captions: 10 µMresin · purity: ≥95%

Preparation

Separate human CB1 and CB2 HEK/CAMYEL assays

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

In vitro application to membranes or cultured cells; no animal or human administration.

Exposure

Total terpene mixture 10 µM; approximately 20 minutes at 37 °C; forskolin 5 µM.

Vehicle

Terpenes: DMSO 1:1,000 final. Cannabinoids: ethanol 1:1,000 final; matched vehicle conditions.

Comparator / controls

Matched cannabinoid without terpene mixture; basal and forskolin controls.

Readout / result

No significant terpene-mixture modulation of cAMP signalling.

Readout units

Normalized BRET area under the curve

Sample size

Three independent determinations; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

The main THC concentration is inconsistent between Methods and figure captions; no single numeric dose is assigned.

Additivity analysis

No formal synergy/additivity model; matched-condition tests used one-way ANOVA.

No inference of an effect in humans.

Table 2; Methods, functional assay; Figures 3F and 4F.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

Mixture 1 + CBD · cAMP

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

full text inspected with reported discrepancy · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• Myrcene · 40 % of total terpene mixtureas named; no stereochemical assignment · purity: 97.6%
• α-Pinene · 20 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported · purity: 99.3%
• β-Pinene · 15 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported · purity: 98.2%
• β-Caryophyllene · 20 % of total terpene mixtureas named · purity: 91.0%
• Limonene · 5 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported; not assigned to D- or S-limonene · purity: 99.1%
• CBD · 10 µMas named · purity: ≥98%

Preparation

Separate human CB1 and CB2 HEK/CAMYEL assays

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

In vitro application to membranes or cultured cells; no animal or human administration.

Exposure

Total terpene mixture 10 µM; approximately 20 minutes at 37 °C; forskolin 5 µM.

Vehicle

Terpenes: DMSO 1:1,000 final. Cannabinoids: ethanol 1:1,000 final; matched vehicle conditions.

Comparator / controls

Matched cannabinoid without terpene mixture; basal and forskolin controls.

Readout / result

No significant terpene-mixture modulation of cAMP signalling.

Readout units

Normalized BRET area under the curve

Sample size

Three independent determinations; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

Negative only in these tested conditions.

Additivity analysis

No formal synergy/additivity model; matched-condition tests used one-way ANOVA.

No inference of an effect in humans.

Table 2; Methods, functional assay; Figures 3F and 4F.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

Mixture 1 + 2-AG · cAMP

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

full text inspected with reported discrepancy · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• Myrcene · 40 % of total terpene mixtureas named; no stereochemical assignment · purity: 97.6%
• α-Pinene · 20 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported · purity: 99.3%
• β-Pinene · 15 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported · purity: 98.2%
• β-Caryophyllene · 20 % of total terpene mixtureas named · purity: 91.0%
• Limonene · 5 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported; not assigned to D- or S-limonene · purity: 99.1%
• 2-AG · 10 µMas named · purity: ≥98%

Preparation

Separate human CB1 and CB2 HEK/CAMYEL assays

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

In vitro application to membranes or cultured cells; no animal or human administration.

Exposure

Total terpene mixture 10 µM; approximately 20 minutes at 37 °C; forskolin 5 µM.

Vehicle

Terpenes: DMSO 1:1,000 final. Cannabinoids: ethanol 1:1,000 final; matched vehicle conditions.

Comparator / controls

Matched cannabinoid without terpene mixture; basal and forskolin controls.

Readout / result

No significant terpene-mixture modulation of cAMP signalling.

Readout units

Normalized BRET area under the curve

Sample size

Three independent determinations; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

Negative only in these tested conditions.

Additivity analysis

No formal synergy/additivity model; matched-condition tests used one-way ANOVA.

No inference of an effect in humans.

Table 2; Methods, functional assay; Figures 3F and 4F.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

Mixture 2 + THC · binding

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

full text inspected with reported discrepancy · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• Myrcene · 30 % of total terpene mixtureas named; no stereochemical assignment · purity: 97.6%
• α-Pinene · 17 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported · purity: 99.3%
• β-Pinene · 13 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported · purity: 98.2%
• β-Caryophyllene · 35 % of total terpene mixtureas named · purity: 91.0%
• Limonene · 5 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported; not assigned to D- or S-limonene · purity: 99.1%
• Δ9-THC · 10 µMresin · purity: ≥95%

Preparation

Separate human CB1 and CB2 HEK membrane preparations

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

In vitro application to membranes or cultured cells; no animal or human administration.

Exposure

Total terpene mixture 10 µM; 1 nM radioligand; 1 hour at 30 °C.

Vehicle

Terpenes: DMSO 1:1,000 final. Cannabinoids: ethanol 1:1,000 final; matched vehicle conditions.

Comparator / controls

Matched cannabinoid without terpenes.

Readout / result

No significant alteration of cannabinoid displacement in these paired conditions.

Readout units

Percentage specific radioligand binding

Sample size

Three independent determinations; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

A binding comparison is not a demonstrated enhancement of downstream function.

Additivity analysis

No formal synergy/additivity model; matched-condition tests used one-way ANOVA.

Composition percentages describe the reported experiment, not a recommended formulation.

Table 2; Figure 2; Methods, binding.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

Mixture 2 + CBD · binding

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

full text inspected with reported discrepancy · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• Myrcene · 30 % of total terpene mixtureas named; no stereochemical assignment · purity: 97.6%
• α-Pinene · 17 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported · purity: 99.3%
• β-Pinene · 13 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported · purity: 98.2%
• β-Caryophyllene · 35 % of total terpene mixtureas named · purity: 91.0%
• Limonene · 5 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported; not assigned to D- or S-limonene · purity: 99.1%
• CBD · 10 µMas named · purity: ≥98%

Preparation

Separate human CB1 and CB2 HEK membrane preparations

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

In vitro application to membranes or cultured cells; no animal or human administration.

Exposure

Total terpene mixture 10 µM; 1 nM radioligand; 1 hour at 30 °C.

Vehicle

Terpenes: DMSO 1:1,000 final. Cannabinoids: ethanol 1:1,000 final; matched vehicle conditions.

Comparator / controls

Matched cannabinoid without terpenes.

Readout / result

No significant alteration of cannabinoid displacement in these paired conditions.

Readout units

Percentage specific radioligand binding

Sample size

Three independent determinations; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

A binding comparison is not a demonstrated enhancement of downstream function.

Additivity analysis

No formal synergy/additivity model; matched-condition tests used one-way ANOVA.

Composition percentages describe the reported experiment, not a recommended formulation.

Table 2; Figure 2; Methods, binding.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

Mixture 2 + Δ9-THC · cAMP

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

full text inspected with reported discrepancy · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• Myrcene · 30 % of total terpene mixtureas named; no stereochemical assignment · purity: 97.6%
• α-Pinene · 17 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported · purity: 99.3%
• β-Pinene · 13 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported · purity: 98.2%
• β-Caryophyllene · 35 % of total terpene mixtureas named · purity: 91.0%
• Limonene · 5 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported; not assigned to D- or S-limonene · purity: 99.1%
• Δ9-THC · Methods: 1 µM; Figures 3–4 captions: 10 µMresin · purity: ≥95%

Preparation

Separate human CB1 and CB2 HEK/CAMYEL assays

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

In vitro application to membranes or cultured cells; no animal or human administration.

Exposure

Total terpene mixture 10 µM; approximately 20 minutes at 37 °C; forskolin 5 µM.

Vehicle

Terpenes: DMSO 1:1,000 final. Cannabinoids: ethanol 1:1,000 final; matched vehicle conditions.

Comparator / controls

Matched cannabinoid without terpene mixture; basal and forskolin controls.

Readout / result

No significant terpene-mixture modulation of cAMP signalling.

Readout units

Normalized BRET area under the curve

Sample size

Three independent determinations; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

The main THC concentration is inconsistent between Methods and figure captions; no single numeric dose is assigned.

Additivity analysis

No formal synergy/additivity model; matched-condition tests used one-way ANOVA.

No inference of an effect in humans.

Table 2; Methods, functional assay; Figures 3F and 4F.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

Mixture 2 + CBD · cAMP

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

full text inspected with reported discrepancy · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• Myrcene · 30 % of total terpene mixtureas named; no stereochemical assignment · purity: 97.6%
• α-Pinene · 17 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported · purity: 99.3%
• β-Pinene · 13 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported · purity: 98.2%
• β-Caryophyllene · 35 % of total terpene mixtureas named · purity: 91.0%
• Limonene · 5 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported; not assigned to D- or S-limonene · purity: 99.1%
• CBD · 10 µMas named · purity: ≥98%

Preparation

Separate human CB1 and CB2 HEK/CAMYEL assays

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

In vitro application to membranes or cultured cells; no animal or human administration.

Exposure

Total terpene mixture 10 µM; approximately 20 minutes at 37 °C; forskolin 5 µM.

Vehicle

Terpenes: DMSO 1:1,000 final. Cannabinoids: ethanol 1:1,000 final; matched vehicle conditions.

Comparator / controls

Matched cannabinoid without terpene mixture; basal and forskolin controls.

Readout / result

No significant terpene-mixture modulation of cAMP signalling.

Readout units

Normalized BRET area under the curve

Sample size

Three independent determinations; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

Negative only in these tested conditions.

Additivity analysis

No formal synergy/additivity model; matched-condition tests used one-way ANOVA.

No inference of an effect in humans.

Table 2; Methods, functional assay; Figures 3F and 4F.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

Mixture 2 + 2-AG · cAMP

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

full text inspected with reported discrepancy · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• Myrcene · 30 % of total terpene mixtureas named; no stereochemical assignment · purity: 97.6%
• α-Pinene · 17 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported · purity: 99.3%
• β-Pinene · 13 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported · purity: 98.2%
• β-Caryophyllene · 35 % of total terpene mixtureas named · purity: 91.0%
• Limonene · 5 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported; not assigned to D- or S-limonene · purity: 99.1%
• 2-AG · 10 µMas named · purity: ≥98%

Preparation

Separate human CB1 and CB2 HEK/CAMYEL assays

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

In vitro application to membranes or cultured cells; no animal or human administration.

Exposure

Total terpene mixture 10 µM; approximately 20 minutes at 37 °C; forskolin 5 µM.

Vehicle

Terpenes: DMSO 1:1,000 final. Cannabinoids: ethanol 1:1,000 final; matched vehicle conditions.

Comparator / controls

Matched cannabinoid without terpene mixture; basal and forskolin controls.

Readout / result

No significant terpene-mixture modulation of cAMP signalling.

Readout units

Normalized BRET area under the curve

Sample size

Three independent determinations; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

Negative only in these tested conditions.

Additivity analysis

No formal synergy/additivity model; matched-condition tests used one-way ANOVA.

No inference of an effect in humans.

Table 2; Methods, functional assay; Figures 3F and 4F.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

Mixture 3 + THC · binding

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

full text inspected with reported discrepancy · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• Myrcene · 50 % of total terpene mixtureas named; no stereochemical assignment · purity: 97.6%
• α-Pinene · 23 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported · purity: 99.3%
• β-Pinene · 17 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported · purity: 98.2%
• β-Caryophyllene · 5 % of total terpene mixtureas named · purity: 91.0%
• Limonene · 5 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported; not assigned to D- or S-limonene · purity: 99.1%
• Δ9-THC · 10 µMresin · purity: ≥95%

Preparation

Separate human CB1 and CB2 HEK membrane preparations

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

In vitro application to membranes or cultured cells; no animal or human administration.

Exposure

Total terpene mixture 10 µM; 1 nM radioligand; 1 hour at 30 °C.

Vehicle

Terpenes: DMSO 1:1,000 final. Cannabinoids: ethanol 1:1,000 final; matched vehicle conditions.

Comparator / controls

Matched cannabinoid without terpenes.

Readout / result

No significant alteration of cannabinoid displacement in these paired conditions.

Readout units

Percentage specific radioligand binding

Sample size

Three independent determinations; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

A binding comparison is not a demonstrated enhancement of downstream function.

Additivity analysis

No formal synergy/additivity model; matched-condition tests used one-way ANOVA.

Composition percentages describe the reported experiment, not a recommended formulation.

Table 2; Figure 2; Methods, binding.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

Mixture 3 + CBD · binding

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

full text inspected with reported discrepancy · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• Myrcene · 50 % of total terpene mixtureas named; no stereochemical assignment · purity: 97.6%
• α-Pinene · 23 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported · purity: 99.3%
• β-Pinene · 17 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported · purity: 98.2%
• β-Caryophyllene · 5 % of total terpene mixtureas named · purity: 91.0%
• Limonene · 5 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported; not assigned to D- or S-limonene · purity: 99.1%
• CBD · 10 µMas named · purity: ≥98%

Preparation

Separate human CB1 and CB2 HEK membrane preparations

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

In vitro application to membranes or cultured cells; no animal or human administration.

Exposure

Total terpene mixture 10 µM; 1 nM radioligand; 1 hour at 30 °C.

Vehicle

Terpenes: DMSO 1:1,000 final. Cannabinoids: ethanol 1:1,000 final; matched vehicle conditions.

Comparator / controls

Matched cannabinoid without terpenes.

Readout / result

No significant alteration of cannabinoid displacement in these paired conditions.

Readout units

Percentage specific radioligand binding

Sample size

Three independent determinations; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

A binding comparison is not a demonstrated enhancement of downstream function.

Additivity analysis

No formal synergy/additivity model; matched-condition tests used one-way ANOVA.

Composition percentages describe the reported experiment, not a recommended formulation.

Table 2; Figure 2; Methods, binding.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

Mixture 3 + Δ9-THC · cAMP

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

full text inspected with reported discrepancy · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• Myrcene · 50 % of total terpene mixtureas named; no stereochemical assignment · purity: 97.6%
• α-Pinene · 23 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported · purity: 99.3%
• β-Pinene · 17 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported · purity: 98.2%
• β-Caryophyllene · 5 % of total terpene mixtureas named · purity: 91.0%
• Limonene · 5 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported; not assigned to D- or S-limonene · purity: 99.1%
• Δ9-THC · Methods: 1 µM; Figures 3–4 captions: 10 µMresin · purity: ≥95%

Preparation

Separate human CB1 and CB2 HEK/CAMYEL assays

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

In vitro application to membranes or cultured cells; no animal or human administration.

Exposure

Total terpene mixture 10 µM; approximately 20 minutes at 37 °C; forskolin 5 µM.

Vehicle

Terpenes: DMSO 1:1,000 final. Cannabinoids: ethanol 1:1,000 final; matched vehicle conditions.

Comparator / controls

Matched cannabinoid without terpene mixture; basal and forskolin controls.

Readout / result

No significant terpene-mixture modulation of cAMP signalling.

Readout units

Normalized BRET area under the curve

Sample size

Three independent determinations; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

The main THC concentration is inconsistent between Methods and figure captions; no single numeric dose is assigned.

Additivity analysis

No formal synergy/additivity model; matched-condition tests used one-way ANOVA.

No inference of an effect in humans.

Table 2; Methods, functional assay; Figures 3F and 4F.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

Mixture 3 + CBD · cAMP

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

full text inspected with reported discrepancy · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• Myrcene · 50 % of total terpene mixtureas named; no stereochemical assignment · purity: 97.6%
• α-Pinene · 23 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported · purity: 99.3%
• β-Pinene · 17 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported · purity: 98.2%
• β-Caryophyllene · 5 % of total terpene mixtureas named · purity: 91.0%
• Limonene · 5 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported; not assigned to D- or S-limonene · purity: 99.1%
• CBD · 10 µMas named · purity: ≥98%

Preparation

Separate human CB1 and CB2 HEK/CAMYEL assays

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

In vitro application to membranes or cultured cells; no animal or human administration.

Exposure

Total terpene mixture 10 µM; approximately 20 minutes at 37 °C; forskolin 5 µM.

Vehicle

Terpenes: DMSO 1:1,000 final. Cannabinoids: ethanol 1:1,000 final; matched vehicle conditions.

Comparator / controls

Matched cannabinoid without terpene mixture; basal and forskolin controls.

Readout / result

No significant terpene-mixture modulation of cAMP signalling.

Readout units

Normalized BRET area under the curve

Sample size

Three independent determinations; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

Negative only in these tested conditions.

Additivity analysis

No formal synergy/additivity model; matched-condition tests used one-way ANOVA.

No inference of an effect in humans.

Table 2; Methods, functional assay; Figures 3F and 4F.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

Mixture 3 + 2-AG · cAMP

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

full text inspected with reported discrepancy · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• Myrcene · 50 % of total terpene mixtureas named; no stereochemical assignment · purity: 97.6%
• α-Pinene · 23 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported · purity: 99.3%
• β-Pinene · 17 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported · purity: 98.2%
• β-Caryophyllene · 5 % of total terpene mixtureas named · purity: 91.0%
• Limonene · 5 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported; not assigned to D- or S-limonene · purity: 99.1%
• 2-AG · 10 µMas named · purity: ≥98%

Preparation

Separate human CB1 and CB2 HEK/CAMYEL assays

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

In vitro application to membranes or cultured cells; no animal or human administration.

Exposure

Total terpene mixture 10 µM; approximately 20 minutes at 37 °C; forskolin 5 µM.

Vehicle

Terpenes: DMSO 1:1,000 final. Cannabinoids: ethanol 1:1,000 final; matched vehicle conditions.

Comparator / controls

Matched cannabinoid without terpene mixture; basal and forskolin controls.

Readout / result

No significant terpene-mixture modulation of cAMP signalling.

Readout units

Normalized BRET area under the curve

Sample size

Three independent determinations; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

Negative only in these tested conditions.

Additivity analysis

No formal synergy/additivity model; matched-condition tests used one-way ANOVA.

No inference of an effect in humans.

Table 2; Methods, functional assay; Figures 3F and 4F.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

Myrcene alone · CB1 cAMP control

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

selected full text conditions independently cross checked · checked 2026-11-02

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• Myrcene · 10 µMas named; no stereochemical assignment · purity: 97.6%

Preparation

Human CB1 expressed in HEK cells with CAMYEL cAMP biosensor; 60,000 cells per well

Species / population

Human cannabinoid receptor expressed in HEK cells

Route

Direct in vitro cell application

Exposure

35-minute serum starvation; approximately 20-minute acquisition at 37 °C; forskolin 5 µM. Terpene 10 µM.

Vehicle

DMSO 1:1,000 final; matched ethanol vehicle 1:1,000.

Comparator / controls

Forskolin with matched vehicle; no cannabinoid co-treatment

Readout / result

No significant alteration of cAMP signalling in this tested control. Numeric means and SEM have not been independently digitized.

Readout units

Normalized inverse-BRET area under the curve; forskolin 100%, basal 0%

Sample size

Three independent determinations; two technical wells per experiment. Methods report at least three repeats.

Uncertainty

A control result at this concentration and readout does not establish universal inactivity.

Additivity analysis

Not applicable to this control: no cannabinoid co-treatment.

This is a functional control, not a cannabinoid mixture experiment. Supplier purity is source-reported, not an independent lot analysis. No human efficacy or consumer formulation follows from this assay.

Figure 3A, terpene-only control; Methods, Functional Assay: Cyclic AMP Signaling (s2_3); Results (s3_2); Table 1, material purity.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

α-Pinene alone · CB1 cAMP control

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

selected full text conditions independently cross checked · checked 2026-11-02

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• α-Pinene · 10 µMenantiomer not reported · purity: 99.3%

Preparation

Human CB1 expressed in HEK cells with CAMYEL cAMP biosensor; 60,000 cells per well

Species / population

Human cannabinoid receptor expressed in HEK cells

Route

Direct in vitro cell application

Exposure

35-minute serum starvation; approximately 20-minute acquisition at 37 °C; forskolin 5 µM. Terpene 10 µM.

Vehicle

DMSO 1:1,000 final; matched ethanol vehicle 1:1,000.

Comparator / controls

Forskolin with matched vehicle; no cannabinoid co-treatment

Readout / result

No significant alteration of cAMP signalling in this tested control. Numeric means and SEM have not been independently digitized.

Readout units

Normalized inverse-BRET area under the curve; forskolin 100%, basal 0%

Sample size

Three independent determinations; two technical wells per experiment. Methods report at least three repeats.

Uncertainty

A control result at this concentration and readout does not establish universal inactivity.

Additivity analysis

Not applicable to this control: no cannabinoid co-treatment.

This is a functional control, not a cannabinoid mixture experiment. Supplier purity is source-reported, not an independent lot analysis. No human efficacy or consumer formulation follows from this assay.

Figure 3B, terpene-only control; Methods, Functional Assay: Cyclic AMP Signaling (s2_3); Results (s3_2); Table 1, material purity.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

β-Pinene alone · CB1 cAMP control

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

selected full text conditions independently cross checked · checked 2026-11-02

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• β-Pinene · 10 µMenantiomer not reported · purity: 98.2%

Preparation

Human CB1 expressed in HEK cells with CAMYEL cAMP biosensor; 60,000 cells per well

Species / population

Human cannabinoid receptor expressed in HEK cells

Route

Direct in vitro cell application

Exposure

35-minute serum starvation; approximately 20-minute acquisition at 37 °C; forskolin 5 µM. Terpene 10 µM.

Vehicle

DMSO 1:1,000 final; matched ethanol vehicle 1:1,000.

Comparator / controls

Forskolin with matched vehicle; no cannabinoid co-treatment

Readout / result

No significant alteration of cAMP signalling in this tested control. Numeric means and SEM have not been independently digitized.

Readout units

Normalized inverse-BRET area under the curve; forskolin 100%, basal 0%

Sample size

Three independent determinations; two technical wells per experiment. Methods report at least three repeats.

Uncertainty

A control result at this concentration and readout does not establish universal inactivity.

Additivity analysis

Not applicable to this control: no cannabinoid co-treatment.

This is a functional control, not a cannabinoid mixture experiment. Supplier purity is source-reported, not an independent lot analysis. No human efficacy or consumer formulation follows from this assay.

Figure 3C, terpene-only control; Methods, Functional Assay: Cyclic AMP Signaling (s2_3); Results (s3_2); Table 1, material purity.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

β-Caryophyllene alone · CB1 cAMP control

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

selected full text conditions independently cross checked · checked 2026-11-02

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• β-Caryophyllene · 10 µMas named · purity: 91.0%

Preparation

Human CB1 expressed in HEK cells with CAMYEL cAMP biosensor; 60,000 cells per well

Species / population

Human cannabinoid receptor expressed in HEK cells

Route

Direct in vitro cell application

Exposure

35-minute serum starvation; approximately 20-minute acquisition at 37 °C; forskolin 5 µM. Terpene 10 µM.

Vehicle

DMSO 1:1,000 final; matched ethanol vehicle 1:1,000.

Comparator / controls

Forskolin with matched vehicle; no cannabinoid co-treatment

Readout / result

No significant alteration of cAMP signalling in this tested control. Numeric means and SEM have not been independently digitized.

Readout units

Normalized inverse-BRET area under the curve; forskolin 100%, basal 0%

Sample size

Three independent determinations; two technical wells per experiment. Methods report at least three repeats.

Uncertainty

A control result at this concentration and readout does not establish universal inactivity.

Additivity analysis

Not applicable to this control: no cannabinoid co-treatment.

This is a functional control, not a cannabinoid mixture experiment. Supplier purity is source-reported, not an independent lot analysis. No human efficacy or consumer formulation follows from this assay.

Figure 3D, terpene-only control; Methods, Functional Assay: Cyclic AMP Signaling (s2_3); Results (s3_2); Table 1, material purity.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

Limonene alone · CB1 cAMP control

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

selected full text conditions independently cross checked · checked 2026-11-02

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• Limonene · 10 µMenantiomer not reported; not assigned to D- or S-limonene · purity: 99.1%

Preparation

Human CB1 expressed in HEK cells with CAMYEL cAMP biosensor; 60,000 cells per well

Species / population

Human cannabinoid receptor expressed in HEK cells

Route

Direct in vitro cell application

Exposure

35-minute serum starvation; approximately 20-minute acquisition at 37 °C; forskolin 5 µM. Terpene 10 µM.

Vehicle

DMSO 1:1,000 final; matched ethanol vehicle 1:1,000.

Comparator / controls

Forskolin with matched vehicle; no cannabinoid co-treatment

Readout / result

No significant alteration of cAMP signalling in this tested control. Numeric means and SEM have not been independently digitized.

Readout units

Normalized inverse-BRET area under the curve; forskolin 100%, basal 0%

Sample size

Three independent determinations; two technical wells per experiment. Methods report at least three repeats.

Uncertainty

A control result at this concentration and readout does not establish universal inactivity.

Additivity analysis

Not applicable to this control: no cannabinoid co-treatment.

This is a functional control, not a cannabinoid mixture experiment. Supplier purity is source-reported, not an independent lot analysis. No human efficacy or consumer formulation follows from this assay.

Figure 3E, terpene-only control; Methods, Functional Assay: Cyclic AMP Signaling (s2_3); Results (s3_2); Table 1, material purity.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

Mixture 1 alone · CB1 cAMP control

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

selected full text conditions independently cross checked · checked 2026-11-02

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• Myrcene · 40 % of total terpene mixtureas named; no stereochemical assignment · purity: 97.6%
• α-Pinene · 20 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported · purity: 99.3%
• β-Pinene · 15 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported · purity: 98.2%
• β-Caryophyllene · 20 % of total terpene mixtureas named · purity: 91.0%
• Limonene · 5 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported; not assigned to D- or S-limonene · purity: 99.1%

Preparation

Human CB1 expressed in HEK cells with CAMYEL cAMP biosensor; 60,000 cells per well

Species / population

Human cannabinoid receptor expressed in HEK cells

Route

Direct in vitro cell application

Exposure

35-minute serum starvation; approximately 20-minute acquisition at 37 °C; forskolin 5 µM. Total terpene mixture 10 µM.

Vehicle

DMSO 1:1,000 final; matched ethanol vehicle 1:1,000.

Comparator / controls

Forskolin with matched vehicle; no cannabinoid co-treatment

Readout / result

No significant alteration of cAMP signalling in this tested control. Numeric means and SEM have not been independently digitized.

Readout units

Normalized inverse-BRET area under the curve; forskolin 100%, basal 0%

Sample size

Three independent determinations; two technical wells per experiment. Methods report at least three repeats.

Uncertainty

A control result at this concentration and readout does not establish universal inactivity.

Additivity analysis

Not applicable to this control: no cannabinoid co-treatment.

This is a functional control, not a cannabinoid mixture experiment. Supplier purity is source-reported, not an independent lot analysis. No human efficacy or consumer formulation follows from this assay.

Figure 3F, terpene-only control; Methods, Functional Assay: Cyclic AMP Signaling (s2_3); Results (s3_2); Table 2, mixture composition.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

Mixture 2 alone · CB1 cAMP control

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

selected full text conditions independently cross checked · checked 2026-11-02

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• Myrcene · 30 % of total terpene mixtureas named; no stereochemical assignment · purity: 97.6%
• α-Pinene · 17 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported · purity: 99.3%
• β-Pinene · 13 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported · purity: 98.2%
• β-Caryophyllene · 35 % of total terpene mixtureas named · purity: 91.0%
• Limonene · 5 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported; not assigned to D- or S-limonene · purity: 99.1%

Preparation

Human CB1 expressed in HEK cells with CAMYEL cAMP biosensor; 60,000 cells per well

Species / population

Human cannabinoid receptor expressed in HEK cells

Route

Direct in vitro cell application

Exposure

35-minute serum starvation; approximately 20-minute acquisition at 37 °C; forskolin 5 µM. Total terpene mixture 10 µM.

Vehicle

DMSO 1:1,000 final; matched ethanol vehicle 1:1,000.

Comparator / controls

Forskolin with matched vehicle; no cannabinoid co-treatment

Readout / result

No significant alteration of cAMP signalling in this tested control. Numeric means and SEM have not been independently digitized.

Readout units

Normalized inverse-BRET area under the curve; forskolin 100%, basal 0%

Sample size

Three independent determinations; two technical wells per experiment. Methods report at least three repeats.

Uncertainty

A control result at this concentration and readout does not establish universal inactivity.

Additivity analysis

Not applicable to this control: no cannabinoid co-treatment.

This is a functional control, not a cannabinoid mixture experiment. Supplier purity is source-reported, not an independent lot analysis. No human efficacy or consumer formulation follows from this assay.

Figure 3F, terpene-only control; Methods, Functional Assay: Cyclic AMP Signaling (s2_3); Results (s3_2); Table 2, mixture composition.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

Mixture 3 alone · CB1 cAMP control

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

selected full text conditions independently cross checked · checked 2026-11-02

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• Myrcene · 50 % of total terpene mixtureas named; no stereochemical assignment · purity: 97.6%
• α-Pinene · 23 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported · purity: 99.3%
• β-Pinene · 17 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported · purity: 98.2%
• β-Caryophyllene · 5 % of total terpene mixtureas named · purity: 91.0%
• Limonene · 5 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported; not assigned to D- or S-limonene · purity: 99.1%

Preparation

Human CB1 expressed in HEK cells with CAMYEL cAMP biosensor; 60,000 cells per well

Species / population

Human cannabinoid receptor expressed in HEK cells

Route

Direct in vitro cell application

Exposure

35-minute serum starvation; approximately 20-minute acquisition at 37 °C; forskolin 5 µM. Total terpene mixture 10 µM.

Vehicle

DMSO 1:1,000 final; matched ethanol vehicle 1:1,000.

Comparator / controls

Forskolin with matched vehicle; no cannabinoid co-treatment

Readout / result

No significant alteration of cAMP signalling in this tested control. Numeric means and SEM have not been independently digitized.

Readout units

Normalized inverse-BRET area under the curve; forskolin 100%, basal 0%

Sample size

Three independent determinations; two technical wells per experiment. Methods report at least three repeats.

Uncertainty

A control result at this concentration and readout does not establish universal inactivity.

Additivity analysis

Not applicable to this control: no cannabinoid co-treatment.

This is a functional control, not a cannabinoid mixture experiment. Supplier purity is source-reported, not an independent lot analysis. No human efficacy or consumer formulation follows from this assay.

Figure 3F, terpene-only control; Methods, Functional Assay: Cyclic AMP Signaling (s2_3); Results (s3_2); Table 2, mixture composition.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

Myrcene alone · CB2 cAMP control

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

selected full text conditions independently cross checked · checked 2026-11-02

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• Myrcene · 10 µMas named; no stereochemical assignment · purity: 97.6%

Preparation

Human CB2 expressed in HEK cells with CAMYEL cAMP biosensor; 60,000 cells per well

Species / population

Human cannabinoid receptor expressed in HEK cells

Route

Direct in vitro cell application

Exposure

35-minute serum starvation; approximately 20-minute acquisition at 37 °C; forskolin 5 µM. Terpene 10 µM.

Vehicle

DMSO 1:1,000 final; matched ethanol vehicle 1:1,000.

Comparator / controls

Forskolin with matched vehicle; no cannabinoid co-treatment

Readout / result

No significant alteration of cAMP signalling in this tested control. Numeric means and SEM have not been independently digitized.

Readout units

Normalized inverse-BRET area under the curve; forskolin 100%, basal 0%

Sample size

Three independent determinations; two technical wells per experiment. Methods report at least three repeats.

Uncertainty

A control result at this concentration and readout does not establish universal inactivity.

Additivity analysis

Not applicable to this control: no cannabinoid co-treatment.

This is a functional control, not a cannabinoid mixture experiment. Supplier purity is source-reported, not an independent lot analysis. No human efficacy or consumer formulation follows from this assay.

Figure 4A, terpene-only control; Methods, Functional Assay: Cyclic AMP Signaling (s2_3); Results (s3_2); Table 1, material purity.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

α-Pinene alone · CB2 cAMP control

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

selected full text conditions independently cross checked · checked 2026-11-02

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• α-Pinene · 10 µMenantiomer not reported · purity: 99.3%

Preparation

Human CB2 expressed in HEK cells with CAMYEL cAMP biosensor; 60,000 cells per well

Species / population

Human cannabinoid receptor expressed in HEK cells

Route

Direct in vitro cell application

Exposure

35-minute serum starvation; approximately 20-minute acquisition at 37 °C; forskolin 5 µM. Terpene 10 µM.

Vehicle

DMSO 1:1,000 final; matched ethanol vehicle 1:1,000.

Comparator / controls

Forskolin with matched vehicle; no cannabinoid co-treatment

Readout / result

No significant alteration of cAMP signalling in this tested control. Numeric means and SEM have not been independently digitized.

Readout units

Normalized inverse-BRET area under the curve; forskolin 100%, basal 0%

Sample size

Three independent determinations; two technical wells per experiment. Methods report at least three repeats.

Uncertainty

A control result at this concentration and readout does not establish universal inactivity.

Additivity analysis

Not applicable to this control: no cannabinoid co-treatment.

This is a functional control, not a cannabinoid mixture experiment. Supplier purity is source-reported, not an independent lot analysis. No human efficacy or consumer formulation follows from this assay.

Figure 4B, terpene-only control; Methods, Functional Assay: Cyclic AMP Signaling (s2_3); Results (s3_2); Table 1, material purity.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

β-Pinene alone · CB2 cAMP control

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

selected full text conditions independently cross checked · checked 2026-11-02

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• β-Pinene · 10 µMenantiomer not reported · purity: 98.2%

Preparation

Human CB2 expressed in HEK cells with CAMYEL cAMP biosensor; 60,000 cells per well

Species / population

Human cannabinoid receptor expressed in HEK cells

Route

Direct in vitro cell application

Exposure

35-minute serum starvation; approximately 20-minute acquisition at 37 °C; forskolin 5 µM. Terpene 10 µM.

Vehicle

DMSO 1:1,000 final; matched ethanol vehicle 1:1,000.

Comparator / controls

Forskolin with matched vehicle; no cannabinoid co-treatment

Readout / result

No significant alteration of cAMP signalling in this tested control. Numeric means and SEM have not been independently digitized.

Readout units

Normalized inverse-BRET area under the curve; forskolin 100%, basal 0%

Sample size

Three independent determinations; two technical wells per experiment. Methods report at least three repeats.

Uncertainty

A control result at this concentration and readout does not establish universal inactivity.

Additivity analysis

Not applicable to this control: no cannabinoid co-treatment.

This is a functional control, not a cannabinoid mixture experiment. Supplier purity is source-reported, not an independent lot analysis. No human efficacy or consumer formulation follows from this assay.

Figure 4C, terpene-only control; Methods, Functional Assay: Cyclic AMP Signaling (s2_3); Results (s3_2); Table 1, material purity.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

β-Caryophyllene alone · CB2 cAMP control

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

selected full text conditions independently cross checked · checked 2026-11-02

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• β-Caryophyllene · 10 µMas named · purity: 91.0%

Preparation

Human CB2 expressed in HEK cells with CAMYEL cAMP biosensor; 60,000 cells per well

Species / population

Human cannabinoid receptor expressed in HEK cells

Route

Direct in vitro cell application

Exposure

35-minute serum starvation; approximately 20-minute acquisition at 37 °C; forskolin 5 µM. Terpene 10 µM.

Vehicle

DMSO 1:1,000 final; matched ethanol vehicle 1:1,000.

Comparator / controls

Forskolin with matched vehicle; no cannabinoid co-treatment

Readout / result

No significant alteration of cAMP signalling in this tested control. Numeric means and SEM have not been independently digitized.

Readout units

Normalized inverse-BRET area under the curve; forskolin 100%, basal 0%

Sample size

Three independent determinations; two technical wells per experiment. Methods report at least three repeats.

Uncertainty

A control result at this concentration and readout does not establish universal inactivity.

Additivity analysis

Not applicable to this control: no cannabinoid co-treatment.

This is a functional control, not a cannabinoid mixture experiment. Supplier purity is source-reported, not an independent lot analysis. No human efficacy or consumer formulation follows from this assay.

Figure 4D, terpene-only control; Methods, Functional Assay: Cyclic AMP Signaling (s2_3); Results (s3_2); Table 1, material purity.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

Limonene alone · CB2 cAMP control

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

selected full text conditions independently cross checked · checked 2026-11-02

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• Limonene · 10 µMenantiomer not reported; not assigned to D- or S-limonene · purity: 99.1%

Preparation

Human CB2 expressed in HEK cells with CAMYEL cAMP biosensor; 60,000 cells per well

Species / population

Human cannabinoid receptor expressed in HEK cells

Route

Direct in vitro cell application

Exposure

35-minute serum starvation; approximately 20-minute acquisition at 37 °C; forskolin 5 µM. Terpene 10 µM.

Vehicle

DMSO 1:1,000 final; matched ethanol vehicle 1:1,000.

Comparator / controls

Forskolin with matched vehicle; no cannabinoid co-treatment

Readout / result

No significant alteration of cAMP signalling in this tested control. Numeric means and SEM have not been independently digitized.

Readout units

Normalized inverse-BRET area under the curve; forskolin 100%, basal 0%

Sample size

Three independent determinations; two technical wells per experiment. Methods report at least three repeats.

Uncertainty

A control result at this concentration and readout does not establish universal inactivity.

Additivity analysis

Not applicable to this control: no cannabinoid co-treatment.

This is a functional control, not a cannabinoid mixture experiment. Supplier purity is source-reported, not an independent lot analysis. No human efficacy or consumer formulation follows from this assay.

Figure 4E, terpene-only control; Methods, Functional Assay: Cyclic AMP Signaling (s2_3); Results (s3_2); Table 1, material purity.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

Mixture 1 alone · CB2 cAMP control

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

selected full text conditions independently cross checked · checked 2026-11-02

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• Myrcene · 40 % of total terpene mixtureas named; no stereochemical assignment · purity: 97.6%
• α-Pinene · 20 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported · purity: 99.3%
• β-Pinene · 15 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported · purity: 98.2%
• β-Caryophyllene · 20 % of total terpene mixtureas named · purity: 91.0%
• Limonene · 5 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported; not assigned to D- or S-limonene · purity: 99.1%

Preparation

Human CB2 expressed in HEK cells with CAMYEL cAMP biosensor; 60,000 cells per well

Species / population

Human cannabinoid receptor expressed in HEK cells

Route

Direct in vitro cell application

Exposure

35-minute serum starvation; approximately 20-minute acquisition at 37 °C; forskolin 5 µM. Total terpene mixture 10 µM.

Vehicle

DMSO 1:1,000 final; matched ethanol vehicle 1:1,000.

Comparator / controls

Forskolin with matched vehicle; no cannabinoid co-treatment

Readout / result

No significant alteration of cAMP signalling in this tested control. Numeric means and SEM have not been independently digitized.

Readout units

Normalized inverse-BRET area under the curve; forskolin 100%, basal 0%

Sample size

Three independent determinations; two technical wells per experiment. Methods report at least three repeats.

Uncertainty

A control result at this concentration and readout does not establish universal inactivity.

Additivity analysis

Not applicable to this control: no cannabinoid co-treatment.

This is a functional control, not a cannabinoid mixture experiment. Supplier purity is source-reported, not an independent lot analysis. No human efficacy or consumer formulation follows from this assay.

Figure 4F, terpene-only control; Methods, Functional Assay: Cyclic AMP Signaling (s2_3); Results (s3_2); Table 2, mixture composition.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

Mixture 2 alone · CB2 cAMP control

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

selected full text conditions independently cross checked · checked 2026-11-02

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• Myrcene · 30 % of total terpene mixtureas named; no stereochemical assignment · purity: 97.6%
• α-Pinene · 17 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported · purity: 99.3%
• β-Pinene · 13 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported · purity: 98.2%
• β-Caryophyllene · 35 % of total terpene mixtureas named · purity: 91.0%
• Limonene · 5 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported; not assigned to D- or S-limonene · purity: 99.1%

Preparation

Human CB2 expressed in HEK cells with CAMYEL cAMP biosensor; 60,000 cells per well

Species / population

Human cannabinoid receptor expressed in HEK cells

Route

Direct in vitro cell application

Exposure

35-minute serum starvation; approximately 20-minute acquisition at 37 °C; forskolin 5 µM. Total terpene mixture 10 µM.

Vehicle

DMSO 1:1,000 final; matched ethanol vehicle 1:1,000.

Comparator / controls

Forskolin with matched vehicle; no cannabinoid co-treatment

Readout / result

No significant alteration of cAMP signalling in this tested control. Numeric means and SEM have not been independently digitized.

Readout units

Normalized inverse-BRET area under the curve; forskolin 100%, basal 0%

Sample size

Three independent determinations; two technical wells per experiment. Methods report at least three repeats.

Uncertainty

A control result at this concentration and readout does not establish universal inactivity.

Additivity analysis

Not applicable to this control: no cannabinoid co-treatment.

This is a functional control, not a cannabinoid mixture experiment. Supplier purity is source-reported, not an independent lot analysis. No human efficacy or consumer formulation follows from this assay.

Figure 4F, terpene-only control; Methods, Functional Assay: Cyclic AMP Signaling (s2_3); Results (s3_2); Table 2, mixture composition.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

Mixture 3 alone · CB2 cAMP control

Figures 1–4: selected binding/cAMP comparisons, near-EC50 comparisons and separate terpene-only cAMP controls. For cAMP: 60,000 cells per well, 35-minute serum starvation and duplicate technical wells; three independent determinations in figure captions. These controls are not cannabinoid coadministration and do not complete every experiment in the paper.

selected full text conditions independently cross checked · checked 2026-11-02

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• Myrcene · 50 % of total terpene mixtureas named; no stereochemical assignment · purity: 97.6%
• α-Pinene · 23 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported · purity: 99.3%
• β-Pinene · 17 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported · purity: 98.2%
• β-Caryophyllene · 5 % of total terpene mixtureas named · purity: 91.0%
• Limonene · 5 % of total terpene mixtureenantiomer not reported; not assigned to D- or S-limonene · purity: 99.1%

Preparation

Human CB2 expressed in HEK cells with CAMYEL cAMP biosensor; 60,000 cells per well

Species / population

Human cannabinoid receptor expressed in HEK cells

Route

Direct in vitro cell application

Exposure

35-minute serum starvation; approximately 20-minute acquisition at 37 °C; forskolin 5 µM. Total terpene mixture 10 µM.

Vehicle

DMSO 1:1,000 final; matched ethanol vehicle 1:1,000.

Comparator / controls

Forskolin with matched vehicle; no cannabinoid co-treatment

Readout / result

No significant alteration of cAMP signalling in this tested control. Numeric means and SEM have not been independently digitized.

Readout units

Normalized inverse-BRET area under the curve; forskolin 100%, basal 0%

Sample size

Three independent determinations; two technical wells per experiment. Methods report at least three repeats.

Uncertainty

A control result at this concentration and readout does not establish universal inactivity.

Additivity analysis

Not applicable to this control: no cannabinoid co-treatment.

This is a functional control, not a cannabinoid mixture experiment. Supplier purity is source-reported, not an independent lot analysis. No human efficacy or consumer formulation follows from this assay.

Figure 4F, terpene-only control; Methods, Functional Assay: Cyclic AMP Signaling (s2_3); Results (s3_2); Table 2, mixture composition.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

α-Humulene + WIN · mouse tail-flick

Selected Figures 2–5 mouse endpoints, Figure 7 ERK conditions, Figure 8D and Supplementary Figure S14C arrestin curves. Other experiments are not fully extracted. Mouse antagonist arms used 20% DMSO / 10% Tween-80 / 70% saline; terpene/WIN co-injections used 10% / 10% / 80%. Endpoints and concentration points are not separate independent studies.

full text inspected · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• α-Humulene · 200 mg/kgSigma #53675 · purity: not reported
• WIN55,212-2 · 5.6 mg/kgsynthetic cannabinoid agonist; Tocris #1038 · purity: not reported

Preparation

Male and female CD-1 mice; tail-flick thermal latency assay

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

Intraperitoneal injection

Exposure

Simultaneous intraperitoneal administration; observed over 2 hours.

Vehicle

10% DMSO, 10% Tween-80, 80% USP saline; fresh matched vehicle.

Comparator / controls

Each agent alone; separate 10 mg/kg rimonabant pretreatment condition.

Readout / result

The combination increased tail-flick latency relative to individual treatments in this experiment.

Readout units

Seconds; 10-second cutoff

Sample size

n=10–14 mice per group; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

Repeated-measures two-way ANOVA; Results leave additivity versus synergy unresolved.

Additivity analysis

Not established by an isobolographic analysis.

This specific animal combination used synthetic WIN55,212-2, not THC. No conversion to a human dose is supplied.

Figure 2; Results paragraph 19; Materials and tail-flick methods.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

β-Pinene + WIN · mouse tail-flick

Selected Figures 2–5 mouse endpoints, Figure 7 ERK conditions, Figure 8D and Supplementary Figure S14C arrestin curves. Other experiments are not fully extracted. Mouse antagonist arms used 20% DMSO / 10% Tween-80 / 70% saline; terpene/WIN co-injections used 10% / 10% / 80%. Endpoints and concentration points are not separate independent studies.

full text inspected · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• β-Pinene · 200 mg/kgAlfa Aesar #A17818; lot enantiopurity not reported · purity: not reported
• WIN55,212-2 · 5.6 mg/kgsynthetic cannabinoid agonist; Tocris #1038 · purity: not reported

Preparation

Male and female CD-1 mice; tail-flick thermal latency assay

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

Intraperitoneal injection

Exposure

Simultaneous intraperitoneal administration; observed over 2 hours.

Vehicle

10% DMSO, 10% Tween-80, 80% USP saline; fresh matched vehicle.

Comparator / controls

Each agent alone; separate 10 mg/kg rimonabant pretreatment condition.

Readout / result

The combination increased tail-flick latency relative to individual treatments in this experiment.

Readout units

Seconds; 10-second cutoff

Sample size

n=10–14 mice per group; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

Repeated-measures two-way ANOVA; Results leave additivity versus synergy unresolved.

Additivity analysis

Not established by an isobolographic analysis.

This specific animal combination used synthetic WIN55,212-2, not THC. No conversion to a human dose is supplied.

Figure 2; Results paragraph 19; Materials and tail-flick methods.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

Linalool + WIN · mouse tail-flick

Selected Figures 2–5 mouse endpoints, Figure 7 ERK conditions, Figure 8D and Supplementary Figure S14C arrestin curves. Other experiments are not fully extracted. Mouse antagonist arms used 20% DMSO / 10% Tween-80 / 70% saline; terpene/WIN co-injections used 10% / 10% / 80%. Endpoints and concentration points are not separate independent studies.

full text inspected · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• Linalool · 200 mg/kgAlfa Aesar #A14424; lot enantiopurity not reported · purity: not reported
• WIN55,212-2 · 5.6 mg/kgsynthetic cannabinoid agonist; Tocris #1038 · purity: not reported

Preparation

Male and female CD-1 mice; tail-flick thermal latency assay

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

Intraperitoneal injection

Exposure

Simultaneous intraperitoneal administration; observed over 2 hours.

Vehicle

10% DMSO, 10% Tween-80, 80% USP saline; fresh matched vehicle.

Comparator / controls

Each agent alone; separate 10 mg/kg rimonabant pretreatment condition.

Readout / result

The combination increased tail-flick latency relative to individual treatments in this experiment.

Readout units

Seconds; 10-second cutoff

Sample size

n=10–14 mice per group; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

Repeated-measures two-way ANOVA; Results leave additivity versus synergy unresolved.

Additivity analysis

Not established by an isobolographic analysis.

This specific animal combination used synthetic WIN55,212-2, not THC. No conversion to a human dose is supplied.

Figure 2; Results paragraph 19; Materials and tail-flick methods.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

Geraniol + WIN · mouse tail-flick

Selected Figures 2–5 mouse endpoints, Figure 7 ERK conditions, Figure 8D and Supplementary Figure S14C arrestin curves. Other experiments are not fully extracted. Mouse antagonist arms used 20% DMSO / 10% Tween-80 / 70% saline; terpene/WIN co-injections used 10% / 10% / 80%. Endpoints and concentration points are not separate independent studies.

full text inspected · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• Geraniol · 200 mg/kgAlfa Aesar #13736 · purity: not reported
• WIN55,212-2 · 5.6 mg/kgsynthetic cannabinoid agonist; Tocris #1038 · purity: not reported

Preparation

Male and female CD-1 mice; tail-flick thermal latency assay

Species / population

See the named preparation for this condition.

Route

Intraperitoneal injection

Exposure

Simultaneous intraperitoneal administration; observed over 2 hours.

Vehicle

10% DMSO, 10% Tween-80, 80% USP saline; fresh matched vehicle.

Comparator / controls

Each agent alone; separate 10 mg/kg rimonabant pretreatment condition.

Readout / result

The combination increased tail-flick latency relative to individual treatments in this experiment.

Readout units

Seconds; 10-second cutoff

Sample size

n=10–14 mice per group; mean ± SEM.

Uncertainty

Repeated-measures two-way ANOVA; Results leave additivity versus synergy unresolved.

Additivity analysis

Not established by an isobolographic analysis.

This specific animal combination used synthetic WIN55,212-2, not THC. No conversion to a human dose is supplied.

Figure 2; Results paragraph 19; Materials and tail-flick methods.

TESTED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION

α-Humulene · cell ERK response

Selected Figures 2–5 mouse endpoints, Figure 7 ERK conditions, Figure 8D and Supplementary Figure S14C arrestin curves. Other experiments are not fully extracted. Mouse antagonist arms used 20% DMSO / 10% Tween-80 / 70% saline; terpene/WIN co-injections used 10% / 10% / 80%. Endpoints and concentration points are not separate independent studies.

full text inspected · checked 2026-10-26

Research exposures are context for this experiment, not instructions for personal use. Different preparations are not interchangeable.

• α-Humulene · 500 µMSigma #53675 · purity: not reported